Fines issued by the UK's finance regulators this year have already more than quadrupled last year's total — although that was the lowest since the two City regulators were set up — with more expected as the new rules for senior managers bed in.

As of May, fines handed out by the UK's Financial Conduct Authority and Prudential Regulation Authority totalled £190 million, according to analysis by regulatory technology firm Wolters Kluwer. That's up from £40 million in fines issued in all of 2016, but down from £906 million in 2015, around £1.5 billion in 2014 and £335 million in 2013, when the FCA and PRA were set up in April of that year.