Commerzbank, Blackstone, Morgan Stanley and KPMG are among the big losers from General Motor's decision to pull the sale of subsidiary Opel, with the quartet missing out on potentially millions of euros in fees after more than six months' work on the deal.

General Motors stunned the market after it terminated a deal to sell a 55% stake in Opel to a consortium made up of state-owned Russian bank Sberbank and Canada's Magna International.